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In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between two different atoms. Atoms are held together by the force of attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the shared electrons.
Many ionic compounds form a regular repeating pattern called a crystal lattice. Salt crystals have a crystal lattice that forms a cubic shape.
Niels Bohr discovered that electrons are arranged in energy levels. Each energy level can hold certain numbers of electrons. The first can hold 2, the second can hold up to 8, and the 3rd can hold up to 18.
An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has all the properties of that element. Each different element is made up of a different kind of atom.
Hydrogen has a covalent bond with chlorine, which has seven electrons in its outermost energy level. When they bond, both outer energy levels become complete.
An ion is a charged atom that has gained or lost electrons.
In ionic bonding, oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other. In this animation, the sodium atom has one electron in its outermost level and the chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost layer.
In a metallic bond, positively charged ions are surrounded by a sea of electrons, which are attracted to multiple nuclei at the same time. Outer electrons tend to be very mobile.
When an atom has an equal number of positively charge protons and negatively charged electrons, it has a neutral charge.
Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles: protons, which have a positive charge; neutrons, which have a neutral charge; and electrons, which have a negative charge.
Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles: protons, which have a positive charge; neutrons, which have a neutral charge; and electrons, which have a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus at extremely high speeds.
Water consists of a chemical compound formed between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The atoms are connected to one another via a covalent bond.
A ball and socket joint is made of a bone with a rounded end that fits inside a cup-like pocket of another bone, enabling bones to move in a circle. Hip joints and shoulder joints are examples.
Periosteum is a membrane that covers bones and plays a role in bone growth and repair. Beneath the periosteum is compact bone.
The skull protects the brain.
The heart consists of cardiac muscle.
Cartilage is a flexible tissue that covers the ends of many bones.
The circulatory system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and other structures.
Gliding joints enable movement from side to side.
Ligaments are tough, band-like tissues that attach bones to each other.